More Texas teachers, administrators and others outside of law enforcement will be carrying guns because a new state law requires armed personnel on every public campus starting Sept. 1. The change represents legislators’ most significant response to the Uvalde massacre, where 19 children and two teachers were killed at Robb Elementary.

A nationwide police shortage and lack of significant new funding has schools across Texas struggling to hire additional staff to protect campuses that don’t already have school resource officers, namely elementaries.

JPRC Director Anthony Petrosino noted that almost no research exists about the impact of armed educators or private security companies on campuses.